Most common problem with the transfer pump is the bypass poppet is not sealing.
The transfer pump is a positive displacement gear pump, so it requires a "pop-off". This is a simple spring and poppet located in the inlet fitting bolted to the transfer pump with a couple of 3/8 bolts usually. The fuel line from the tank screws into this little cast iron block. Turn off the fuel at the tank first and then usually can just unbolt the thing and let it drop down without even taking the line loose. May have to unbolt the fuel line clamp to get enough slack. Make sure to catch the spring and poppet. They don't tend to fly out or anything, just note how they are installed. The spring can rust away from water collecting in the hole it sits in and the seal on the poppet gets hard or damaged by debris flowing through it. Occasionally the surface of the pump where the poppet seats will be eroded from debris flowing through it and must be carefully filed or milled back flat to get a good seal. I would say this is pretty uncommon though. Usually a new poppet or both spring and poppet and your fuel pressure will jump right up there. Of course the pressure gauge is AFTER the filters, so if filters are plugged, the gauge wiill still read low. You can open the lower bleed screw (below the filter retainer plate) on the side of the filter housing and if the filters are plugged, you will get high pressure (well maybe 10-15 psi) fuel out, but when you open the upper bleed screw (big knob)on the front of the housing, you will get very little flow as indicated by the low pressure on the gauge. When you change the filters, drain and wash the housing at the same time and then pour clean fuel in to fill it before dropping the assembled filters, retainers and retainer plate back down into it. This will save lots of time turning the engine with the pony to fill the housing and there is no danger of bypassing any debris with this method.
While you have this bypass/inlet block loose, it's a good idea to turn the fuel tank valve back on and make sure you have a good flow of fuel through the tank outlet and line. Also a great time to drain any water and crud out of the tank drain which is near the fuel outlet valve. Debris in the fuel will quickly take a toll on the transfer pump gears and housing, causing some rather expensive damage, so either make sure the tank is clean or install an inline filter or strainer. Old Magnet has posted pictures of one neat way to install these, but there's lots of ways to do it.
One other thing I will mention to start with is to look in the vertical shaft/pedistal under the control box in the cab (the one with all the levers) and you will see a small cover. Lift that up and there should be a set of flanges you connect with a special soft shear pin available from CAT. Sometimes this has been replaced with a regular bolt and someone can drive one of the blade functions into the end if it's travel and snap one of the shafts. When the engine turns, the vertical shafts turn.
Have fun!
D2-5J's, D6-9U's, D318 and D333 power units, 12E-99E grader, 922B & 944A wheel loaders, D330C generator set, DW20 water tanker and a bunch of Jersey cows to take care of in my spare time😄