Tractor is a standard pattern 5 speed manual with first gear forward and to the left. Outer stick is forward and reverse shifter. Forward is with stick back next to seat cushion. Push forward for reverse in 1-4 but if the left stick is in 5th, the reverser doesn't affect it, only goes forward in 5th gear.
I agree with the assessment by OM, unless the internal pins and bushings measurement across 4 links of track is low because the track is not stretched and there is more internal wear than your measurements indicate, the external "drive" surface of the bushings are worn dramatically more than expected. The bushing wear does match the sprocket segment wear fairly well. May be a case of accelerated wear because of the sand you mentioned. The other part of track wear is rail height and roller wear. I guess pictures of the pin bosses and track rollers from the side are probably pretty hard to get until the snow is gone!
Those Berco numbers can't be sealed track can they?
Where is the front idler support in relation to the end of the track frame? At 30% wear there should be several inches of track frame exposed in front of roller support. Maybe there was a pin and bushing turn done on a set of tracks with a lot of previous reverse travel wear from before the turn?
You might want to spend some money on new sprocket segments to prolong the useful life of the track system. They will wear way faster than normal when used with worn tracks, but may be worth sacrificing to the aim of getting by without replacing everything right now $$$$$$$ The good think is you can replace them pretty easily after loosening the track.
The steering clutch may be stuck open or more likely the release bearing has failed. The good thing about that tractor is the steering clutch can be unbolted and lifted out the top after removing the seat
D2-5J's, D6-9U's, D318 and D333 power units, 12E-99E grader, 922B & 944A wheel loaders, D330C generator set, DW20 water tanker and a bunch of Jersey cows to take care of in my spare time😄