It may be possible to free the rack up by removing the governor cover on the end of the pump housing until you can get to the rod that connects to the rack. Then there should be a small cover on the opposite end of the injection pump housing which can be removed to access the opposite end of the rack so that you can work it back and forth. If it doesn't take a lot of force to move it back and forth, simply moving it a little may free up the plungers. Probably need to turn engine over (slowly or decompress!) as you're moving the rack back and forth.
As you know the throttle control linkage doesn't move the rack directly. The rack position is a result of the balance between the force exerted by the governor flyweights and the tension of the governor spring which we change by moving the throttle lever. If the spring does not have enough tension to move the rack to a "fuel on" position, the engine won't run as you describe. On the other hand, if the rack is stuck at a fuel on position and the governor weights cannot exert enough force on it to move it to reduce fuel delivery, then the engine overspeeds.
It is possible you will damage the fuel pump plungers calibration if you get rough with a frozen plunger, so undertake this at your own risk and ensure that you have a way to effectively smother or decompress the engine to stop it if it runs away when you start it up after getting the rack moving smoothly.
I was lucky enough to get the rack free on a DW20 (D337F engine) we were working on a few years ago. That engine has some external linkage that was accessible so we could pry the rack back and forth and it was really stiff for the first time back and forth. I was at the point of saying "nothing risked, nothing gained", but it worked out fine.
Good luck!
D2-5J's, D6-9U's, D318 and D333 power units, 12E-99E grader, 922B & 944A wheel loaders, D330C generator set, DW20 water tanker and a bunch of Jersey cows to take care of in my spare time😄