The transfer pump should make the gauge read in the green with the engine running, full flow fuel supply to it from the tank, clean filters, properly functioning pressure relief valve etc. One in really good shape will get out of the red with the pony motor turning the main engine.
They can be easily disassembled, inspected and feeler gauges used to check clearances, but frequently the trouble is elsewhere.
In your case, do the individual injection pumps have a little bleeder screw behind where the line to the injector screws on? It takes a special wrench or I think you can squeeze a 1/4" drive socket so it will fit over the bleeders. You can also just loosen the injector line at the top of the pump.
If you get fuel out of the pump bleeder, but not out of the injection line connection, most likely the plunger of that pump is stuck up in the pump. Take the side off the injection pump housing and look at the lifters. They should rise and fall as the cam lifts each one in turn. The rack should also move easily left and right twisting all the plungers to control the rate of fuel delivery.
D2-5J's, D6-9U's, D318 and D333 power units, 12E-99E grader, 922B & 944A wheel loaders, D330C generator set, DW20 water tanker and a bunch of Jersey cows to take care of in my spare time😄